This is water but I'm bored so let's get into it
Understanding and Identifying Phenotypes
By FoidSlayer
________________________________________________
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Pigmentation
Facial Features
Eyebrows
Height/Body Measurements
Cephalic Index
Robustness
Facial Index
Nasal Index
Hair
Conclusion
___________________________________________________
Introduction:
What is a phenotype?
A phenotype is a set of characteristics that make up ones appearance, that is determined by ones genotype (genetic makeup). And is also influenced by environmental factors, such as lifestyle,climate and diet. Now knowing this it is safe to say that phenotypes are responsible for constructing and catagorizing human populations into racial groups. In this thread I will tell you how to distinguish between different phenotypes.
Pigmentation:
Pigmentation can be a good characteristic when determining phenotype, darker skin evolved to take in less UV in regions around the equator while lighter skin evolved from places further away from the equator in order to take in more UV.
By FoidSlayer
________________________________________________
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Pigmentation
Facial Features
Eyebrows
Height/Body Measurements
Cephalic Index
Robustness
Facial Index
Nasal Index
Hair
Conclusion
___________________________________________________
Introduction:
What is a phenotype?
A phenotype is a set of characteristics that make up ones appearance, that is determined by ones genotype (genetic makeup). And is also influenced by environmental factors, such as lifestyle,climate and diet. Now knowing this it is safe to say that phenotypes are responsible for constructing and catagorizing human populations into racial groups. In this thread I will tell you how to distinguish between different phenotypes.
Pigmentation:
Pigmentation can be a good characteristic when determining phenotype, darker skin evolved to take in less UV in regions around the equator while lighter skin evolved from places further away from the equator in order to take in more UV.
Type 1 (Pale/White): Never tans always burns
Type 2 (Fair/Light): Tans poorly burns frequently
Type 3 (Darker White/Olive): Tans after initial burn
Type 4 (Light Brown): Tans easily and burns minimally
Type 5 (Brown/Dark Brown): Tans very easily and barely ever burns
Type 6 (Dark Brown/Black): Tans profusely and never burns
Pictured above is the Fitzpatrick scale and it is a useful tool for identifying phenotypes as it can be used to track location of origin in many people
Very Dark
(Tropical/Equatorial)
↓
Dark Brown
(Tropical/Savannah)
↓
Light Brown/Olive
(Sub-Tropical/Temperate)
↓
Fair/Pale
(High Latitude)
Very Dark
(Tropical/Equatorial)
↓
Dark Brown
(Tropical/Savannah)
↓
Light Brown/Olive
(Sub-Tropical/Temperate)
↓
Fair/Pale
(High Latitude)
Skin undertones are also a good indicator, Europeans often have red/rosy undertones and yellow/olive undertones as well. Non-Europeans can have a wide range of undertones ranging from beige, brown and grey.
Also eye color can be a good symbol when determining levels of melanin which can help when Identifying.
Facial Features:
The nose is very important when identifying, in order to identify you would want to look at the base of the nose, the overall shape of it and the contour.
Another facial feature that can help when Identifying are eyes, look at the folds and the shape of them (Ex: Most Asians having monolids).
Eyebrows:
Eyebrows are also a useful tool when identifying (not as useful as other methods discussed in this thread but still useful).
Eyebrow Thickness and Density:
The EDAR gene is linked to eyebrow thickness specifically in Asian populations and also research shows that African women often have lower hair density in their eyebrows.
Also eye color can be a good symbol when determining levels of melanin which can help when Identifying.
Facial Features:
The nose is very important when identifying, in order to identify you would want to look at the base of the nose, the overall shape of it and the contour.
Another facial feature that can help when Identifying are eyes, look at the folds and the shape of them (Ex: Most Asians having monolids).
Eyebrows:
Eyebrows are also a useful tool when identifying (not as useful as other methods discussed in this thread but still useful).
Eyebrow Thickness and Density:
The EDAR gene is linked to eyebrow thickness specifically in Asian populations and also research shows that African women often have lower hair density in their eyebrows.
Shape and Structure:
Indian women are known to have longer eyebrows according to research, however Chinese and Japanese women are prone to having more straight eyebrow shapes.
Color Variety:
Coloring in the eyebrows are a good indicator when determining melanin levels l, just like eye color and pigmentation this is a good symbol when identifying.
Eyebrows are highly customizable and they vary a lot from person to person so while it is a tool you can use to identify, there are better tools out there for sure.
Height/Body Measurements:
Arguably one of the lesser important metrics when determining phenotype, This metric can be linked to robustness though.
More Reduced Types:
Usually skinnier and have an easier time putting on fat while also having a moderate to shorter stature (alpinid phenotype).
Height/Body Measurements:
Arguably one of the lesser important metrics when determining phenotype, This metric can be linked to robustness though.
More Reduced Types:
Usually skinnier and have an easier time putting on fat while also having a moderate to shorter stature (alpinid phenotype).
More Robust Types:
Often identified by their thicker bone structure, an easier time putting on muscle as well as a wider frame (nesiotid phenotype).
This is also apparent when we see that one ethnic is taller than another one on average (Ex. White people usually being taller than most Asians). However this overall isn't the best metric when identifying because of everyone's individuality in this field.
Cephalic Index:
This is an important measurement that can indicate robustness or reduction like we talked about in the last section. Now I will share the formula on how to get the cephalic Index (CI).
Width (Biparietal Diameter)
CI = ________________________________ X 100
Length (Occipitofrontal Diameter)
Measurements are best when taken with calipers and here are some classifications of head shapes below,
<75 (Dolichocephalic): Long and Narrow Head.
↓
75-80 (Mesocephalic): Average or Oval Shaped Head.
↓
>80 (Brachycephalic): Short and Broad Head.
Cephalic Index:
This is an important measurement that can indicate robustness or reduction like we talked about in the last section. Now I will share the formula on how to get the cephalic Index (CI).
Width (Biparietal Diameter)
CI = ________________________________ X 100
Length (Occipitofrontal Diameter)
Measurements are best when taken with calipers and here are some classifications of head shapes below,
<75 (Dolichocephalic): Long and Narrow Head.
↓
75-80 (Mesocephalic): Average or Oval Shaped Head.
↓
>80 (Brachycephalic): Short and Broad Head.
In order to measure, you must take your calipers and place one end in between the eyebrows and the other on the most prominent part of the back of the head (This is how to find length).
Now I'm order to find the width you'd want to measure from the widest points on the sides of the head (Blue Line).
Now I'm order to find the width you'd want to measure from the widest points on the sides of the head (Blue Line).
Robustness:
I wont go over this too much as I feel like I talked about it in the last two sections. Robustness refers to ones physical strength and thickness in bone structure, in our case relating to the skull.
Robustness = Bigger skulls, wider jaws and faces, more prominent bones, bigger bodies.
I wont go over this too much as I feel like I talked about it in the last two sections. Robustness refers to ones physical strength and thickness in bone structure, in our case relating to the skull.
Robustness = Bigger skulls, wider jaws and faces, more prominent bones, bigger bodies.
Reduction = Essentially the opposite of robustness just a decrease in robustness which can lead to smaller size and less prominent bone structure.
Facial Index:
Facial Index (FI) refers to the measurement of the face height and width and is a key metric when determining phenotypes. This is the formula for the FI listed below,
Face Height Measurement
FI = ___________________________________ X 100
Face Width Measurement
Classifications,
Hyper-euryprosopic <80 FI
↓
Euryprosopic 80-85 FI
↓
Mesoprosopic 85-90 FI
↓
Leptoprosopic 90-95 FI
↓
Hyper-leptoprosopic >95 FI
Nasal Index:
This is a measurement taken on the nose and is Important when classifying inter racial people. Here is the formula below,
Nasal Width
NI = __________________________ X 100
Nasal Height
Classifications,
These measurements are often taken with calipers, measuring the width at its widest point while the height is measured from the nasian to the subnasian point.
Hair:
There is a lot when it comes to hair, it shows evolutionary traits and can be a good tool when identifying.
Coily
↓
Curly
↓
Wavy
↓
Straight
Facial Index (FI) refers to the measurement of the face height and width and is a key metric when determining phenotypes. This is the formula for the FI listed below,
Face Height Measurement
FI = ___________________________________ X 100
Face Width Measurement
Classifications,
Hyper-euryprosopic <80 FI
↓
Euryprosopic 80-85 FI
↓
Mesoprosopic 85-90 FI
↓
Leptoprosopic 90-95 FI
↓
Hyper-leptoprosopic >95 FI
Nasal Index:
This is a measurement taken on the nose and is Important when classifying inter racial people. Here is the formula below,
Nasal Width
NI = __________________________ X 100
Nasal Height
Classifications,
These measurements are often taken with calipers, measuring the width at its widest point while the height is measured from the nasian to the subnasian point.
Hair:
There is a lot when it comes to hair, it shows evolutionary traits and can be a good tool when identifying.
Coily
↓
Curly
↓
Wavy
↓
Straight
The coily hair type came to be because of hot,dry climates and was a thermoregulatory mechanism for early humans
Similarly to Coily hair curly hair evolved to be a thermoregulatory tool for early humans allowing for better scalp cooling and reduced water loss
Moving down the spectrum we have wavy hair, wavy hair came to be when it evolved due to the need for scalp temperature management (cooler temps were better) and also natural shielding from UV so it's similar to Coily and curly.
Lastly we have straight hair, moving away from the equator straight hair evolved for heat retention while also letting more UV penetrate allowing for better vitamin D absorption and warmth.
Also hair color can be a good tool when classifying phenotypes as it is highly hereditary. It can be used to determine melanin levels or locations of origins (Ex. Lots of Irish people being red headed).
Conclusion:
I'm going to wrap up the thread here, this is a list of tools you can use when classifying, however some tools here are better than others
Thank you for reading
Leave a rep of you enjoyed
Until next time bhais
Conclusion:
I'm going to wrap up the thread here, this is a list of tools you can use when classifying, however some tools here are better than others
Thank you for reading
Leave a rep of you enjoyed
Until next time bhais
✌
✌
